Rectangular Spiral Galaxies are still hard
نویسندگان
چکیده
Spiral Galaxies is a pencil-and-paper puzzle played on grid of unit squares: given set points called centers , the goal to partition into polyominoes such that each polyomino contains exactly one center and 180 ∘ rotationally symmetric about its center. We show this NP-complete, ASP-complete, #P-complete even if (a) all solutions have rectangles for polyominoes; or (b) are required be just 1 × 3 rectangles. The proof latter variant also implies NP/ASP/#P-completeness finding noncrossing perfect matching in distance-2 graphs where edges connect vertices Euclidean distance 2. Moreover, we prove NP-completeness design problem minimizing number there exists galaxies cover shape.
منابع مشابه
Spiral Galaxies Puzzles are NP-complete
We will show that the question of whether or not a given Spiral Galaxies puzzle has a solution is NP-complete. To do so, we construct Spiral Galaxies puzzles which correspond to arbitrary Boolean circuits. A circuit will be satisfied, (that is, have a set of inputs which give the desired outputs) if and only if the corresponding puzzle has a solution. Since Satisfiability is the canonical NP-co...
متن کاملWhy Are Online Catalogs Still Hard to Use?
We return to arguments made 10 years ago (Borgman, 1988a) that online catalogs are difficult to use because their design does not incorporate sufficient understanding of searching behavior. The earlier article examined studies of information retrieval system searching for their implications for online catalog design; this article examines the implications of card catalog design for online catal...
متن کاملSupershells in Spiral Galaxies
Expanding supershells are perhaps the most prominent manifestation of the violent impact which massive stars have on the gaseous ISM. Commonly thought to be formed as a consequence of mechanical luminosity dumped into the ISM by OB associations, supershells can be viewed as a critical gauge of the energy source which ultimately supports interstellar turbulence. I will review the present underst...
متن کاملKinematically Lopsided Spiral Galaxies
Asymmetries in the distribution of light and neutral hydrogen are often observed in spiral galaxies. Here, attention is drawn to the presence of large-scale asymmetries in their kinematics. Two examples of kinematically lopsided galaxies are presented and discussed. The shape of the rotation curve –rising more steeply on one side of the galaxy than on the other– is the signature of the kinemati...
متن کاملAre Passive Spiral Galaxies Truly “Passive” and “Spiral”? : Near-Infrared Perspective
Passive spiral galaxies — unusual galaxies with spiral morphology without any sign of ongoing star formation — have recently been discovered to exist preferentially in cluster infalling regions (at about the virial radius, or at a local galaxy density of ∼ 1 Mpc). The discovery directly connects the passive spiral galaxies to the cluster galaxy evolution studies such as the Butcher-Oemler effec...
متن کاملذخیره در منابع من
با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید
ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Computational Geometry: Theory and Applications
سال: 2023
ISSN: ['0925-7721', '1879-081X']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comgeo.2022.101949